Electric motor, a machine that converts electricity into a mechanical motion
Thermodynamic motor or heat engine, a machine that converts heat into mechanical motion
Molecular motors, the essential agents of movement in living organisms
Pneumatic motor, a machine that converts the energy of compressed air into mechanical motion
Hydraulic motor a machine that converts the energy of pressurized liquid flow into mechanical motion.
Synthetic molecular motors or nanomotors
Motor may also refer to:

an engine
Motor car or automobile
Motor vehicle
Motor system, the physiological system that is responsible for physical movement
Motor neuron, neurons that originate in the spinal cord and synapse with muscle fibers

An 'electric motor' converts electrical energy into kinetic energy. The reverse task, that of converting kinetic energy into electrical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. In many cases the two devices differ only in their application and minor construction details, and some applications use a single device to fill both roles. For example, traction motors used on locomotives often perform both tasks if the locomotive is equipped with dynamic brakes.

Most electric motors work by electromagnetism, but motors based on other electromechanical phenomena, such as electrostatic forces and the piezoelectric effect, also exist. The fundamental principle upon which electromagnetic motors are based is that there is a mechanical force on any current-carrying wire contained within a magnetic field.

The force is described by the Lorentz force law and is perpendicular to both the wire and the magnetic field. Most magnetic motors are rotary, but linear motors also exist. In a rotary motor, the rotating part (usually on the inside) is called the rotor, and the stationary part is called the stator.

The rotor rotates because the wires and magnetic field are arranged so that a torque is developed about the rotor's axis.

The motor contains electromagnets that are wound on a frame. Though this frame is often called the armature, that term is often erroneously applied.

Correctly, the armature is that part of the motor across which the input voltage is supplied. Depending upon the design of the machine, either the rotor or the stator can serve as the armature.

 

  
 
 
Molecular motors are biological "nanomachines" that are the essential agents of movement in living organisms. Generally speaking, a motor may be defined as a device that consumes energy in one form and converts it into motion or mechanical work; for example, many protein-based molecular motors harness the chemical free energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP in order to perform mechanical work. In terms of energetic efficiency, these types of motors can be superior to currently available man-made motors. One important difference between molecular motors and macroscopic motors is that molecular motors operate in the thermal bath, an environment where the fluctuations due to thermal noise are significant.

Recently, chemists and those involved in nanotechnology have begun to explore the possibility of creating molecular motors de novo. These synthetic molecular motors currently suffer many limitations that confine their use to the research laboratory. However, many of these limitations may be overcome as our understanding of chemistry and physics at the nanoscale increases. In particular, there are already examples of molecular machines that operate in solution or when attached to solid surfaces, such as the nanocar. Such systems are paving the way towards synthetic motors.

 
 

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